The brand new aunt repaired effects establish 65% of your own version for the knowledge within sample
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same amerikanske menn for Malaysisk kvinner village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
Inside our attempt you’ll find 676 siblings, of exactly who 302 was ple (because they come from a household in which at least one girl was married early) enjoys fathers that have rather all the way down instructional attainment, are more inclined to be Muslim, and they are expected to reside in rural parts
When we speak about the fresh new the quantity to which state and town repaired effects just take differences in personal and you will economic downside because of the examining their ability to determine version in the academic attainment, we find that town fixed consequences establish more 31% on the version, much more compared to the 3% told me of the province repaired outcomes. The vast majority of type is actually not within this towns.
We very first expose estimations you to definitely handle getting state*time-revolution FE after which community*time-wave FE. We after that go a step after that because of the presenting results in which we imagine brother repaired outcomes designs where in actuality the coefficients try estimated away from evaluations from sisters, one of just who got hitched very early and the almost every other just who did not. That it review control for everybody relatives characteristics, both observable and you will unobservable, knowledgeable because of the siblings age.grams., family unit members records. So it yet not cuts down on the newest decide to try. Such answers are ergo best read as actually relevant to help you properties regarding significantly more old-fashioned and lower socio-economic property. Footnote 10
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.
